Hydrogen is a highly flammable chemical element that occurs in great abundance throughout the universe. In fact, this element makes up approximately 75% of the universe, by volume, and it appears in a very large number of compounds, especially those which make up various organic materials. Many people are familiar with hydrogen as a potential fuel source, thanks to its promotion as a potential alternative fuel, and everyone consumes it every day, in the water people drink and the foods they eat.
The atomic number of hydrogen is one, and it is identified by the symbol H on the periodic table. It is a unique standalone element, not classified with any other elements. Many scientists think of hydrogen as a kind of elemental building block, since its simple structure is the basis of so many things. The colorless, highly flammable gas has a number of industrial uses, especially in the refining of petroleum products.
The history of the discovery of hydrogen is quite lengthy. Like other gases, it rarely appears in a pure form on Earth, and it took some time for people to understand that it was an element. The gas was described as early as the 1400s, when experimenters combined acids and metals to produce a flammable gas. In 1671, Robert Boyle described this reaction in more detail, but it was not until 1766 that Henry Cavendish recognized hydrogen as a true element.
In 1783, Antoine Lavoisier proposed a name for the new element, adding together the Greek hydros for “water” and genes for “born or formed.” Lavoisier recognized that when hydrogen was burned, it produced water as a byproduct, through its combination with oxygen in the air. Thus, the element in a sense gives birth to water. Once hydrogen was fully recognized as an element, it began to be extracted from various natural sources and used in an assortment of fields.
Hydrogen is dangerous, as most people who know about the fate of the Hindenburg are aware. It was originally used as a lifting agent in balloons and zeppelins because it was so light, but the explosive nature of the gas led to the proposal of helium as a more stable and safe replacement. Since the element is so reactive, it must be handled with care to avoid unfortunate and explosive situations. Fortunately, few people work directly with pure hydrogen, and those who do are carefully trained.
By Mary McMahon
Ever since she began contributing to the site several years ago, Mary has embraced the exciting challenge of being a All The Science researcher and writer. Mary has a liberal arts degree from Goddard College and spends her free time reading, cooking, and exploring the great outdoors.